Nature-based solutions for urban climate resilience: implementation, contribution, and effectiveness

Driven by the need to enhance urban climate resilience, there is a growing preference for nature-based solutions (NbS) over conventional architecture, mostly attributed to their ecological benefits and economic advantages. This systematic review analyzed global knowledge and research gaps regarding the implementation, contribution, and effectiveness of NbS. The review demonstrates that though NbS hold substantial promise for optimizing urban climate resilience, their successful implementation is contingent upon addressing a complex relationship between factors like data-driven planning, stakeholder awareness and engagement, resource availability, institutional framework, and context-specific considerations.