WFP has implemented FbF since 2015 in a growing number of countries that are prone to recurrent climate-related shocks. FbF programme activities are closely aligned with national priorities, leverage local field expertise and build on existing coordination mechanisms. FbF strengthens host governments and partners’ capacities to reduce, anticipate and rapidly respond to the effects of climate shocks before a hazard causes large-scale negative humanitarian impacts. This document seeks to offer practical guidance and examples for monitoring and evaluating anticipatory actions for slow and fast-onset hazards, helping to answer the overarching question of “Does FbF make a difference to reduce or mitigate the impacts on affected populations?”. The primary audience are WFP M&E and Programme staff in country offices (COs), although the methods and tools compiled in this guide should be useful to anyone working on M&E of anticipatory action.